Maya history, once obscured after European contact, has been illuminated through hieroglyphic decipherment. David Stuart, a historian and archaeologist, reconstructs Maya civilization using indigenous texts and recent discoveries. Drawing from his book The Four Heavens, he reveals cycles of growth and collapse across three millennia, from rainforest settlements to monumental Classic-period cities. Stuart emphasizes royal courts, dynastic rivalries—especially Kanul versus Mutul—that shaped kingdoms and fueled the 9th-century “Great Rupture.”